Что дают числа для измерения в психологии? Обзор критики в адрес нетестируемых допущений психометрики и возможные альтернативы «измерительной» психологии
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54359/ps.v15i84.1198Ключевые слова:
психометрика, измерение, модель Раша, ошибка измерения, современная теория тестированияАннотация
На фоне увеличивающегося числа психометрических исследований в русскоязычной литературе практически никакого критического отношения эти работы не встречают. В то же время, в последние годы критика в адрес психометрики растет: обсуждают не только неправомерное использование количественных измерений в психологии, но часто дезориентирующую роль чисел в вопросе упорядочивания индивидов в континууме черты или способности. Цель этой работы – обеспечить русскоязычную аудиторию представлением о некоторых острых вопросах, поднимаемых в отношении психометрики, которые иначе могут казаться либо уже решенными, либо несущественными. Обзор сфокусирован на критическом анализе нескольких допущений, на которых строится психометрика: психологические признаки (черты и способности) количественны и измеримы; современная теория тестирования открывает доступ к интервальным измерениям; если данные соответствуют модели, то тест может точно упорядочить индивидов в континууме латентной черты (способности); агрегированные данные пригодны для выводов об индивиде. Предлагаются примеры альтернативных практик, свободных от непроверенных допущений и решающих научные (исследовательские), а не инструментальные (измерительные) задачи.
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