Луриевская нейропсихология сегодня
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54359/ps.v18i100.1960Аннотация
Автор статьи, ученица А.Р. Лурии, раскрывает свой взгляд на становление, развитие и современное состояние луриевской нейропсихологии. В первой части статьи рассматривается создание ядра теории — принципов социогенеза и системного строения высших психических функций, и первые вытекающие из них практические решения, разработанные совместно Л.С. Выготским и А.Р. Лурией в 1927-1934 годах. Вторая часть статьи посвящена довоенному, военному и послевоенному (1936-1948 годы) периодам. В это время А.Р. Лурия работает над «теорией функциональных систем мозговой коры», которая применяется к изучению афазий. Теоретические построения проверяются и дополняются в ходе интенсивной реабилитационной работы в военный период. К 1948 г. были завершены и опубликованы «Травматическая афазия» и «Восстановление мозга после военной травмы», сделавшие автора всемирно известным.
Разработка «теории функциональных систем мозговой коры», начатая в 1940-е годы, продолжалась ученым до конца жизни. Он рассматривал мозг как единую динамичную систему, состоящую из высоко дифференцированных частей. Из всего разнообразия поднятых им вопросов о работе мозга, в третьей части статьи рассматривается лишь один частный (но очень важный!) вопрос о достоверности психологических исследований. Он был поднят уже в «Высших корковых функциях» в 1962 году и развернут в отдельной статье, написанной в 1970 году совместно с математиком Е.Ю. Артемьевой. Лурия утверждает, что «синдромный анализ с полным основанием можно считать разновидностью «факторного анализа» [Лурия, 1969, С. 76]. Чтобы показать, как сейчас относятся к количественной оценке отечественные психологи, далее рассматривается разработка качественно-количественной оценки симптомов в нейропсихологии детского возраста, которая активно развивается в последнюю четверть века.
В четвертой части статьи кратко рассматриваются построенные на идеях Л.С. Выготского и А.Р. Лурии методы коррекции развития ВПФ у детей. Наконец, в заключительной части обсуждаются уроки А.Р. Лурии — то, что и как на сегодня усвоено отечественной и мировой нейропсихологией.
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