Сравнительный анализ моделей когнитивного торможения: Часть 1. Модель построения смысловых структур М.А.Гернсбахер и модель забывания, вызванного извлечением, М.Андерсона
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54359/ps.v19i108.2206Аннотация
Введение: в разных областях когнитивной психологии были предложены теоретические подходы, в рамках которых предполагается существование особых механизмов, объясняющих эффект когнитивного торможения при разрешении имплицитной конкуренции репрезентаций. Однако несмотря на значительную эмпирическую поддержку каждого из подходов, существование механизмов когнитивного торможения до сих пор остается предметом дискуссий. Цель данной работы, состоящей из двух частей, — сопоставить теоретические предпосылки и полученные исследователями результаты, в том числе для ответа на вопросы о том, сохраняют ли теоретические концепции когнитивного торможения свой эвристический потенциал в объяснении наблюдаемых эффектов, и возможно ли объединение данных концепций в более общий фреймворк. Для анализа выбрано четыре концепции. В настоящей статье (часть 1) анализируются две из них — теория построения смысловых структур М.А.Гернсбахер и теория забывания, вызванного извлечением, М.Андерсона и коллег. Результаты: теория построения смысловых структур была предложена для описания процессов понимания языкового материала и направлена, в частности, на объяснение механизмов разрешения его многозначности. В рамках данного подхода постулируется, что селекция определенного значения многозначной информации требует активного подавления отвергнутого. Теория забывания, вызванного извлечением, была предложена для объяснения механизмов забывания как следствия преодоления интерференции на этапе извлечения информации из памяти. В рамках подхода постулируется, что необходимость селективного извлечения из памяти одной из конкурирующих репрезентаций приводит к активному подавлению не выбранной (альтернативной) репрезентации. Выводы: теории сопоставляются по единым основаниям: основная проблема, на решение которой направлена теория, эмпирический базис теории, ее ключевые положения, эмпирические следствия из теории, альтернативная интерпретация и критика. Обсуждаются методические приемы, предложенные исследователями для проверки гипотез и ответа на критику.
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