Поддержка статус-кво как мотив: объяснение терпимости к социальному неравенству в теории оправдания систем Дж. Джоста
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54359/ps.v14i76.142Ключевые слова:
теория оправдания систем, мотив «оправдания систем», Дж. Джост, эвристика доступности, когнитивные искаженияАннотация
Изложены и проанализированыосновныеположениятеории оправданиясистем (ТОС) Дж. Джоста (JostJ.), созданной в 1994 году и успешно развивающейся в настоящее время. ТОС создавалась с целью объяснить феномен терпимости людей к социальному неравенству и сопротивления социальным из-менениям засчёт проявления универсального, биологически детерминированного мотива к оправда-нию систем и сохранению статус-кво.Согласно ТОС,мотив оправдания систем направлен на удовле-творение потребностив наличии разделяемого с другими людьми представления о понятномобразе мира, функционирующегопо предсказуемым правилам, что позволяет людям ощущатьсмысл жизни и защищает ихот страха. Этот мотив эволюционно устойчив, так как способствует адаптации, выпол-няя паллиативную функцию и позволяя считать даже не очень благоприятную реальность пригодной для жизни, что снижает тревожность и повышает чувство удовлетворения происходящим. Стремление к оправданию систем повышается при зависимости от системы и информации о длительности ее суще-ствования. Вместе с тем развитие ТОСсталкивается и с не до конца решенными проблемами, к кото-рым, в частности, относятся недостаточная определенность базовых понятий и характер взаимодей-ствия мотивационных и когнитивных процессов, определяющих стремление к сохранению статус-кво.
Скачивания
Библиографические ссылки
Cyrillic letters are transliterated according to BSI standards. The titles are given in author’s translation.
Blanchar J.C., Eidelman S. Perceived system longevity increases system justification and the legitimacy of inequality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2013, No. 43, 238–245. doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1960
Brandt M.J. Do the disadvantaged legitimize the social system? A large-scale test of the status–legitimacy hypothesis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2013, 104(5), 765-785.doi.org/10.1037/a0031751. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031751
Brandt M.J., Reyna C. Individual differences in the resistance to social change and acceptance of inequality predict system legitimacy differently depending on the social structure. European journal of personality, 2017, 31(3), 266-278. doi.org/10.1002/per.2100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2100
Butz S., Kieslich P.J., Bless H. Why are conservatives happier than liberals? Comparing different explanations based on system justification, multiple group membership, and positive adjustment. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2017, 47(3), 362-372. doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2283
Cichocka A., Jost J.T. Stripped of illusions? Exploring system justification processes in capitalist and post‐Communist societies. International Journal of Psychology, 2014, 49(1), 6-29. doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12011
Crandall C.S., Eidelman S., Skitka L.J., Morgan G.S. Status quo framing increases support for torture. Social Influence, 2009, 4(1), 1-10. doi.org/10.1080/15534510802124397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510802124397
Cutright K.M., Wu E.C., Banfield J.C., Kay A.C., Fitzsimons G.J. When your world must be defended: Choosing products to justify the system. Journal of Consumer Research, 2011, 38(1), 62-77. doi.org/10.1086/658469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/658469
Eidelman S., Crandall C.S. The intuitive traditionalist: How biases for existence and longevity promote the status quo. In: Advances in experimental social psychology. Academic Press, 2014. Vol. 50, pp. 53-104. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00002-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00002-3
Eidelman S., Crandall C.S., Goodman J.A., Blanchar J.C. Low-effort thought promotes political conservatism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2012, 38(6), 808-820. doi.org/10.1177/0146167212439213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212439213
Fiske S.T., Cuddy A.J.C., Glick P., Xu J. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2002, 82(6), 878–902. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
Fiske S.T., Cuddy A.J., Glick P. Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in cognitive sciences, 2007, 11(2), 77-83. doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005
Friesen J.P., Laurin K., Shepherd S., Gaucher D., Kay A.C. System justification: Experimental evidence, its contextual nature, and implications for social change. British Journal of Social Psychology, 2019, 58(2), 315-339. doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12278
Haines E.L., Jost J.T. Placating the powerless: Effects of legitimate and illegitimate explanation on affect, memory, and stereotyping. Social Justice Research, 2000, No. 13, 219–236. doi.org/10.1023/A:1026481205719. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026481205719
Hennes E.P., Nam H.H., Stern C., Jost J.T. Not all ideologies are created equal: Epistemic, existential, and relational needs predict system-justifying attitudes. Social Cognition, 2012, 30(6), 669-688. doi.org/10.1521/soco.2012.30.6.669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2012.30.6.669
Ho A.K., Sidanius J., Pratto F., Levin S., Thomsen L., Kteily N., Sheehy-Skeffington J. Social dominance orientation: Revisiting the structure and function of a variable predicting social and political attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2012, 38(5), 583-606. doi.org/10.1177/0146167211432765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211432765
Hussak L.J., Cimpian A. An early-emerging explanatory heuristic promotes support for the status quo. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2015, 109(5), 739–752. doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000033
Hussak L.J., Cimpian A. Investigating the origins of political views: Biases in explanation predict conservative attitudes in children and adults. Developmental Science, 2018, 21(3), e12567. doi.org/10.1111/desc.12567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12567
Johnson I.R., Fujita K. Change we can believe in: Using perceptions of changeability to promote system-change motives over system-justification motives in information search. Psychological science, 2012, 23(2), 133-140. doi.org/10.1177/0956797611423670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611423670
Jost J.T. “Elective Affinities”: On the Psychological Bases of Left–Right Differences. Psychological Inquiry, 2009, 20(2-3), 129–141. doi.org/10.1080/10478400903028599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400903028599
Jost J.T. A quarter century of system justification theory: Questions, answers, criticisms, and societal applications. British Journal of Social Psychology, 2019. doi:10.1111/bjso.12297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12297
Jost J.T., Badaan V., Goudarzi S., Hoffarth M., Mogami M. The future of system justification theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 2019, 58(2), 382-392. doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12309
Jost J.T., Banaji M.R. The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 1994, No. 33, 1–27. doi.org/10.1111/j.20448309.1994.tb01008.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x
Jost J.T., Banaji M.R., Nosek B.A. A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 2004, No. 25, 881– 919. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x
Jost J.T., Blount S., Pfeffer J., Hunyady G. Fair market ideology: Its cognitivemotivational underpinnings. Research in Organizational Behavior, 2003, No. 25, 53–91. doi.org/10.1016/S01913085(03)25002-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(03)25002-4
Jost J.T., Chaikalis-Petritsis V., Abrams D., Sidanius J., Van Der Toorn J., Bratt C. Why men (and women) do and don’t rebel: Effects of system justification on willingness to protest. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2012, 38(2), 197-208. doi.org/10.1177/0146167211422544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211422544
Jost J.T., Gaucher D., Stern C. 'The world isn't fair': A system justification perspective on social stratification and inequality. In: Annual Meeting of International Society of Political Psychology, Herzliya, Israel; Some of the ideas contained herein were presented at the aforementioned conference at by the lead author in Tokyo, Japan, at a meeting of the Center for Social Stratification and Inequality sponsored by Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan. American Psychological Association, 2015. pp. 317-340. doi.org/10.1037/14342-012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/14342-012
Jost J.T., Glaser J., Kruglanski A.W., Sulloway F. Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 2003, 129, 339–375. doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339
Jost J.T., Kivetz Y., Rubini M., Guermandi G., Mosso C. System-justifying functions of complementary regional and ethnic stereotypes: Cross-national evidence. Social Justice Research, 2005, No. 18, 305–333. doi.org/10.1007/s11211-005-6827-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-005-6827-z
Jost J.T., Ledgerwood A., Hardin C.D. Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2008, 2(1), 171-186. doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00056.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00056.x
Jost, J. T., Napier, J. L., Thorisdottir, H., Gosling, S. D., Palfai, T. P., Ostafin, B. Are needs to manage uncertainty and threat associated with political conservatism or ideological extremity? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2007, No. 33, 989-1007. doi.org/10.1177/0146167207301028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207301028
Jost J.T., Pelham B.W., Carvallo M.R. Non-conscious forms of system justification: Implicit and behavioral preferences for higher status groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2002, 38(6), 586-602. doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00505-X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00505-X
Jost J.T., Pelham B.W., Sheldon O., Ni Sullivan B. Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: Evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2003, 33(1), 13-36. doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.127
Jost J.T., Sapolsky R.M., Nam H.H. Speculations on the evolutionary origins of system justification. Evolutionary Psychology, 2018, 16(2), 1474704918765342. doi.org/10.1177/1474704918765342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704918765342
Jost J.T., Thompson E.P. Group-based dominance and opposition to equality as independent predictors of self-esteem, ethnocentrism, and social policy attitudes among African Americans and European Americans. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2000, 36(3), 209-232. doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1403
Jost J., Hunyady O. The psychology of system justification and the palliative function of ideology. European review of social psychology, 2003, 13(1), 111-153. doi.org/10.1080/10463280240000046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280240000046
Kay A.C., Gaucher D., Peach J.M., Laurin K., Friesen J., Zanna M.P., Spencer S.J. Inequality, discrimination, and the power of the status quo: Direct evidence for a motivation to see the way things are as the way they should be. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2009, No. 97, 421–434. doi.org/10.1037/a0015997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015997
Kay A.C., Jost J.T. Complementary Justice: Effects of “Poor but Happy” and “Poor but Honest” Stereotype Exemplars on System Justification and Implicit Activation of the Justice Motive. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, 85(5), 823–837. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.823. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.823
Kay A.C., Jost J.T., Young S. Victim derogation and victim enhancement as alternate routes to system justification. Psychological Science, 2005, No. 16, 240–246. doi.org/10.1111/j.09567976.2005.00810.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00810.x
Laurin K., Gaucher D., Kay A.C. Stability and the justification of social inequality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2013, No. 43, 246–254. doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1949
Laurin K., Kay A.C., Moscovitch D.A. On the belief in God: Towards an understanding of the emotional substrates of compensatory control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(6), 15591562. doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.007
Lynn M., Withiam G. Tipping and its alternatives: Business considerations and directions for research. Journal of Services Marketing, 2008, 22 (4), 328-336. doi.org/10.1108/08876040810881722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040810881722
Osborne D., Sengupta N.K., Sibley C.G. System justification theory at 25: Evaluating a paradigm shift in psychology and looking towards the future. British Journal of Social Psychology, 2019, 58(2), 340-361. doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12302
Owuamalam C.K., Rubin M., Spears R. Revisiting 25 years of system motivation explanation for system justification from the perspective of social identity model of system attitudes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 2019, 58(2), 362-381. doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12285
Salomon E., Cimpian A. The inherence heuristic as a source of essentialist thought. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2014, 40(10), 1297-1315. doi.org/10.1177/0146167214541659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214541659
Sidanius J., Pratto F. The inevitability of oppression and the dynamics of social dominance. In: P. Sniderman, P.E. Tetlock, E.G. Carmines (Eds.), Prejudice, politics, and the American dilemma. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993. pp. 173–211.
Sidanius J., Pratto F. Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175043
Tajfel H., Turner J.C. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In: S. Worchel & W.G. Austin (Eds.), The psychology of intergroup relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986. pp. 7–24. doi.org/10.1177/053901847401300204.
Van der Toorn J., Feinberg M., Jost J.T., Kay A.C., Tyler T.R., Willer R., Wilmuth C. A sense of powerlessness fosters system justification: Implications for the legitimation of authority, hierarchy, and government. Political Psychology, 2015, 36, 93–110. doi.org/10.1111/pops.12183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12183
Tversky A., Kahneman D. Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 1973, 5, 207-232. doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
Tversky A., Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 1974, 185 (4157), 1124-1131. doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
Vargas-Salfate S., Paez D., Liu J.H., Pratto F., Gil de Zúñiga H. A comparison of social dominance theory and system justification: The role of social status in 19 nations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2018, 44(7), 1060-1076. doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757455
Vaughan G.M. Social change and intergroup preferences in New Zealand. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1978, 8(3), 297-314. doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420080304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420080304
Yang S.L., Xu B.X., Yu F., Guo Y.Y. Revisiting the status-legitimacy hypothesis: Concepts, boundary conditions, and psychological mechanisms. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 2019, No. 13. doi.org/10.1017/prp.2019.15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2019.15
Zajonc R.B. Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American psychologist. 1980, 35(2), 151-175. doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151
Zajonc R.B. Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1968, 9(2, Pt.2), 1–27 doi.org/10.1037/h0025848. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025848
Zimmerman J.L., Reyna C. The meaning and role of ideology in system justification and resistance for highand low-status people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2013, 105(1), 1–23. doi.org/10.1037/a0032967. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032967
Zitek E.M., Tiedens L.Z. The fluency of social hierarchy: the ease with which hierarchical relationships are seen, remembered, learned, and liked. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2012, 102(1), 98-115. doi.org/10.1037/a0025345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025345
Загрузки
Опубликован
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Copyright (c) 2021 Психологические исследования
Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution-NonCommercial» («Атрибуция — Некоммерческое использование») 4.0 Всемирная.
