References

• Publication Guidelines
• Text Formatting
• References 
• Publication Status

The journal "Psychological Studies" is transitioning to the formatting of bibliographic references in accordance with the APA 7th Edition standard (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 2020).

Bibliographic references are divided into three types:

• In-text citations – lead to the reference list; given in square brackets.
• Article bibliography (reference list).
• Inline references – contain descriptions of non-scholarly sources within the text, do not lead to the reference list; given in parentheses.

The reference list includes only those works to which there are [citations] in the text. Each [citation] must lead to an entry in the reference list.

References are provided only for published works. The exception is texts by the article's author that have been accepted for publication. In that case, the reference list entry is followed by the words "(In press)" in parentheses, without periods inside or after the parentheses.

Please review the reference formatting rules in more detail.

In-Text Citations

Each [citation] in the text must lead to an entry in the reference list.

The author's surname(s) or the source title, and the year of publication, are given in square brackets.

Data are separated by a comma; the & sign is not used: [Ivanov, Kuznetsov, 2005].

With three or more authors, "et al." is added: [Sidorov et al., 2005]

Different groups of data are separated by a semicolon: [Ivanov, 2008; Ivanov, Sidorov, 2009; Kuznetsov et al., 2010; Piaget, 2003]

If "and others" sources are mentioned: [Ivanov, 2008; Sidorov, 2010; et al.].
The semicolon before "et al." indicates that the reference is not to other works by Sidorov, but to works by other authors.

For quotations, the page is specified: [Ivanov, Sidorov, 2007, p. 11; Piaget, 2003, p. 125]

When specifying a page range, there are no spaces before or after the dash; a space precedes the numerals: [Ivanov, 2004, pp. 21–22]

Works by the same author(s) in the same year are marked with a Latin letter following the year, without a space after the year indication:
[Sidorov, 2007a]
[Sidorov, 2007b]

An overly long title may be abbreviated, e.g.: [Study of preschoolers…, 1999, p. 53]. A space is placed before and after the ellipsis replacing part of the title. Truncated titles of different sources must not coincide.

When citing a multi-volume edition, the volume number (book, part, issue, etc.) being cited is indicated:
[Author, 2012, Vol. 2]
[Author, 2012, Vol. 1, p. 25]
[Author, 2012, Bk. 5, Pt. 2, p. 25]

When citing a multi-volume edition as a whole: [Author, 2012]

If volumes were published over several years, the publication years of the first and last volumes are indicated: [Author, 2003–2007]

If the source, e.g. an internet publication, does not indicate a year of publication:
[Ivanov, n.d.]
[Smith, n.d.]
n.d. – no date.

When citing an organization as a collective author, e.g. the World Health Organization, an abbreviation may be introduced at the first citation in the text:
[World Health Organization (WHO), 2006]. On subsequent citations:
[WHO, 2006]

When in-text citations occur consecutively, the second one is replaced by the words "Ibid." (for Latin-script texts) – until a reference to a different source is encountered. After "Ibid." a period is placed; the page is indicated with a capital "P.", not a lowercase letter as in the main citation: main citation [Ivanov, 2007, p. 5], repeated citation [Ibid. P. 123]; another main citation [Piaget, 2003, p. 21], repeated citation [Ibid. P. 125].

If the text is cited not from the primary source but from another document: [Cited in: Ivanov, 2003, p. 17]. For example: In his early research, J. Piaget [J.Piaget, cited in: Ivanov, 2011] put forward the hypothesis...

If a paraphrase rather than a quotation of someone's views, thoughts, or ideas is given, but drawing on a secondary source: [As cited in: Ivanov, 2007]

Pages may be specified: [As cited in: Ivanov, 2007, p. 111]

Citations of the type "cited in" and "as cited in" should preferably not be used unless absolutely necessary. Citations may be included in inline parenthetical notes or in endnotes, e.g.: (see the article [Ivanov, 2007]); text text (see, e.g., [Ivanov, 2007; Sidorov, 2010]); text (see [Ivanov, 2001] for details).

 

Reference List

General Rules

• The heading References is left-aligned and in bold.
• In the reference list, a hanging indent is used: the first line of the reference starts with an indent; subsequent lines do not.
• Sources are listed in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author.
• Cyrillic sources come first, followed by Latin-script sources. In the English-language version (References), the list is a single A–Z list.
• It is recommended to include primarily bibliographic references to recent studies published in the last 5 years and from publications included in RSCI, Scopus, and Web of Science.
• It is preferable that self-citations (references to the author's own work) constitute no more than 15% of sources, including works co-authored. The number of references to works by colleagues from one's own institution should also be no more than 15% of the total number of sources.
• The source list is sorted alphabetically, with Russian-language sources first (if any), then English-language sources (if any). If a source is in Russian, the bibliographic references in Russian and English are given together, separated by a line break.
• For indicating a source in English, its original description is used preferentially; in its absence, a paraphrase (the author's own translation) is used. The author's surname in English is given as in the cited source. Other parts of source descriptions (e.g., names of publishers or journals that have no official English translation) are transliterated in BSI format using specialized services (software), e.g.: net. When indicating a page range, the transliterated "s" must be replaced by "pp", and the word "Izd-vo" (if present) is replaced by "Publ." If the publication language is Russian, then (In Russian) is indicated after the English-language description.

Author Names

Up to 20 authors – all authors are listed; & is placed before the last one:

Ivanov, I. I., Petrov, P. P., & Sidorov, S. S.

Smith, J. R., Jones, M. B., & Brown, K. L.

21 or more authors – the first 19 are listed, then an ellipsis (without &), then the last author:

Author1, A. A., Author2, B. B., Author3, C. C., … Author21, U. U.

Collective author

World Health Organization. (2020). …

American Psychological Association. (2020). …

In works without an author, the article title is given as the first element.

Important: a space is placed between initials in the reference list: "Ivanov, I. I.", "Smith, J. R.". A comma follows the surname, then the initials.

Year of Publication

Given in parentheses immediately after the authors, followed by a period:

Ivanov, I. I. (2020). Title of work. …

If there is no date, the indication "no date" is given: "(n.d.)".

For conferences and newspaper articles, an exact date is given:

Smith, J. (2021, March 15). …

Ivanov, I. I. (2021, March 15). …

Capitalization

Titles of articles and books in English: only the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns are capitalized:

Cognitive styles in adolescence: A longitudinal study

Journal names in English: all significant words are capitalized:

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Titles in Russian: only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.

Voprosy Psychologii

Italics

The following are given in italics: names of books, journals, dissertations, reports, volume numbers of journals.

Not in italics: names of articles, chapters, conference proceedings, issue numbers of journals.

DOI and URL

DOI is always given if available for the publication. Format – as a hyperlink: https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx

In the absence of DOI and the presence of a URL – the URL is given. No period is placed after the URL or DOI.

"Retrieved from" is not used before a URL, except in cases where the content may change (see below).

Page Ranges

An en dash (–), not a hyphen (-), is used in page ranges, e.g., 120–125. No spaces are placed between numerals and the dash.

 

Formatting Rules for Specific Publication Types

Journal Articles

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Автор, А. А., Автор, Б. Б., & Автор, В. В. (Year). Title of article. Journal name, volume(issue), pages. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx

Examples

English-language journal, article with DOI

Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3), 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.4.564

D'Addato, A. V. (2007). Secular trends in twinning rates. Journal of Biosocial Science, 39(1), 147–151. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021932006001337

Russian-language journal

Холодная, М. А. (2000). Когнитивный стиль как квадриполярное измерение. Психологический журнал, 21(4), 46–56.

Kholodnaya, M. A. (2000). Cognitive style as a quadripolar dimension. Psychological Journal, 21(4), 46–56. (in Russian)

If the journal has no volume number, the issue number is given in parentheses after the journal name, without italics:

Прусакова, О. А., & Сергиенко, Е. А. (2006). Понимание эмоций детьми дошкольного возраста. Вопросы психологии, (4), 24–35.

Prusakova, O. A., & Sergienko, E. A. (2006). Understanding of emotions by preschool children. Voprosy Psychologii, (4), 24–35. (in Russian)

Important: going forward, we will not provide an example of a double bibliographic reference for Russian-language sources, but all of them must be presented in two languages.

 

Electronic journal without DOI

Andreeva, G. M. (2009). Sotsial'naya psikhologiya: vektory novoi paradigmy. Psikhologicheskie Issledovaniya, 1(3). http://psystudy.ru

Special issue

Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV [Special issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3).

Special section

Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV [Special section]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 300–453.

Article abstract

Paterson, P. (2008). How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope in custody? Two prison case studies [Abstract]. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36(1), 54–58.

Preprint

Smith, J., & Jones, M. (2020). Title of preprint. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xxxxx

Books

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Автор, A. A. (Год). Название книги. Издатель. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Place of publication (city) need not be given; only the publisher is provided.

Examples

Book with a single author

Lee, R. M. (1995). Dangerous fieldwork. Sage.

Andreeva, G. M. (2006). Sotsial'naya psikhologiya. Aspekt Press.

Book with a title only (no authors)

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Merriam-Webster.

Sotsial'nye transformatsii v Rossii. (2005). Flinta.

Revised edition of a book

Helfer, M. E., Keme, R. S., & Drugman, R. D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.). University of Chicago Press.

Complete multi-volume work

Vygotsky, L. S. (1983). Sobranie sochinenii (Vol. 1–6). Pedagogika.

Individual volume

Vygotsky, L. S. (1983). Sobranie sochinenii: V 6 t.: Tom 3. Problemy razvitiya psikhiki. Pedagogika.

Edited book

Yadov, V. A. (Ed.). (2005). Sotsial'nye transformatsii v Rossii. Flinta.

Chapter in an edited book

Ivanov, I. I. (2010). Psikhologiya prichinnosti. In A. A. Smirnov (Ed.), Prichina i sledstvie (pp. 33–55). Piter.

Chapter in a multi-volume work

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 38, pp. 237–288). University of Nebraska Press.

Translated book

Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). Dover. (Original work published 1814)

E-book

Markov, A. A. (2025). Beskonechnost' geshtalta. AST. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Collective author / organization

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

World Health Organization. (2006). Constitution of the World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf

If the author and publisher are the same – the publisher is not repeated.

Dissertations and Theses

Examples

Unpublished dissertation

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Name of Institution.

Ivanov, I. I. (2005). Vizual'noe vospriyatie u obez'yan bonobo [Dis. … kand. psikhol. nauk, ne opubl.]. Tverskoi gosudarstvennyi universitet.

Dissertation published in a database

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation (Publication No. xxxxxx) [Doctoral dissertation, Name of Institution]. Database Name.

Worrell, T. R. (2006). Exemplification of health messages in the media (Publication No. 1273133201) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Dissertation in a repository / on a university website

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation [Doctoral dissertation, Name of Institution]. Repository Name. URL

Ivanov, I. I. (2005). Vizual'noe vospriyatie u obez'yan bonobo [Dis. … kand. psikhol. nauk, Tverskoi gosudarstvennyi universitet]. https://www.example.com

Master's thesis / diploma thesis

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis [Master's thesis, Name of Institution]. Database/URL.

Ivanov, I. I. (2005). Vizual'noe vospriyatie u obez'yan bonobo [Master's thesis, Tverskoi gosudarstvennyi universitet]. https://www.example.com

Conference Proceedings

Examples

Conference paper / poster (unpublished)

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Month Day–Day). Title of presentation [Conference session / Paper presentation / Poster session]. Conference Name, City, State, Country. URL

Sreenivas, R. S. (1999, June 28–30). On readily available supervisory policies that enforce liveness in a class of completely controlled Petri nets [Paper presentation]. 7th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, Haifa, Israel.

Published conference proceedings – as a chapter in a book

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of paper. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of proceedings (pp. 31–35). Publisher.

McMahan, C., Hovland, R., & McMillan, S. (2008). Gender and internet advertising: Differences in the ways males and females engage with and perceive internet advertising. In S. Rodgers (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2008 Conference of the American Academy of Advertising (pp. 52–55). University of Missouri Press.

Published proceedings – as a journal article

Weaver, T. D. (2009). The meaning of Neandertal skeletal morphology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(38), 16028–16033. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903864106

Electronic Resources

Examples

Webpage

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Site Name. URL

If the author and website are the same – the website name is omitted.

Changing content

For pages with changing content (Wikipedia, online dictionaries, statistics on government websites), the retrieval date is indicated:

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Glossary of psychological terms. Retrieved May 1, 2024, from https://www.apa.org/...

Social media post

Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). First 20 words of the post [Post type]. Site Name. URL

Video

Author, A. A. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Name of website. URL

Online newspaper article

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Name. URL

Abbreviations

В книге: = В кн.:	In: [colon at the end]
Т.	Vol. or Vols.
Номер	No. [После букв точка, пробел]
Сер.	Ser.
Ч.	Pt.
Гл.	Chap.
С.	p. or pp. [space after period]
Ред.	Ed. or Eds.
Пер.	Trans.
И др.	Et al.
2 изд.	2nd ed.
Испр. и доп. изд.	Rev. ed.
Без года = б.г.	No date = n.d. [no spaces]
Без места = Б.м.	N.p. [no spaces]
Спец. выпуск	Special issue
Спец. раздел	Special section