Levels of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism in Russia and Azerbaijan

Abstract

The paper tests the measurement invariance of the Russian version of INDCOL questionnaire by H.Triandis in samples from Russia (n = 333) and Azerbaijan (n = 326) using multigroup exploratory structural equation modelling (MG-ESEM) and differential item functioning analysis based on the MIMIC model. The poor fit of the theoretically expected structure is explained by the presence of factor cross-loadings and correlated uniquenesses. The internal consistency of the scales (Cronbach's alpha) is in the 0,53–0,77 range. The comparison of latent means using MG-ESEM and using the MIMIC model has resulted in similar findings. The Russian sample showed higher levels of vertical individualism (rivalry, competition) and horizontal collectivism (belonging to a group, interdependence). The Azerbaijani sample showed higher levels of horizontal individualism (being unique, different from others) and vertical collectivism (subordinating one’s interests to those of the group). We also investigated the associations between cultural values and emotional expression (DRAI by D.Matsumoto). Horizontal individualism in Azerbaijan was associated with simulation of emotions (amplification of behavioral expressions of emotions) (r = 0,15). Horizontal collectivism in the Russian sample was associated with open expression of emotions (r = 0,23). Vertical collectivism in Azerbaijan was correlated with hiding emotions (r = 0,19).